Contrast Of Roy And Orems Nursing Theory Nursing Essay

Contrast Of Roy And Orems Nursing Theory Nursing Essay Nursing is an evolving discipline in the development of science i.e. theory and research and in professional practice. We have a rich history of thought from Florence Nightingale to the recent nurse researchers, theorists and clinicians. Moreover, nursing professional practice includes integration of knowledge from the broad conceptualizations of models to the level of practice theory. The nursing theoretical frameworks serve in powerful ways as guides for articulating, reporting, recording nursing thought and action. Nurses must know what they are doing, why they are doing, what may be the range of outcomes of nursing, and indicators for measuring nursing impact (Parker, 2001). The aim of this paper is to study, compare and contrast two nursing models given by two nursing theorists who have made major contributions in the field of nursing practice. These models are; Roy adaptation model and Orems Self-care model. Introduction to the theorists, Sister Callista Roy and Dorothea E. Orem Sister Callista Roy received a bachelors degree in nursing in 1963 from Mount Saint Marys College as masters degree in pediatric nursing in 1966, a masters degree in sociology in 1975 and a doctorate degree in sociology in 1977, all from the University of California, Los Angeles. Roy first proposed her model while studying for her masters degree, where she was challenged by Dorothy Johnson to develop conceptual models of nursing. Therefore, the development of the adaptation model for nursing has been influenced by Roys personal and professional background. She had her experience as a pediatric staff nurse where she mainly noticed the children and their ability to adapt in response to major physical and psychological changes. Dorothea E. Orem was born in Baltimore, Maryland. She received her diploma in nursing from Providence Hospital School of Nursing in Washington, DC, baccalaureate in nursing from Catholic University in 1939 and masters degree in 1945 from the same university. She decided to develop her theory after she and her colleagues were given an assignment to produce a nursing curricula for practical nursing for the department of Health, Education and Welfare in Washington, DC. Between 1971 and the 1995 editions, there have been some changes in Orems theory, notably in the concept of an individual and the idea of the nursing system. Orem delineates three theories; self-care, self-care deficit, and nursing system. Focus of Roys and Orems Model Roys model was initially developed for education; however, it continued to work in research and practice settings. Roys model focuses on the concept of adaptation of man. Her concepts of nursing, person, health and environment are all interrelated to this central concept. According to her model, the person receives inputs or stimuli from both the environment and the self. Adaptation occurs when the person responds positively to environmental changes. This adaptive response promotes the integrity of the person which leads to health. Ineffective responses to stimuli lead to disruption of the integrity of the person. Self-care model was given by Dorothea Elizabeth Orem in 1970. The focus of the model is self-care, self-care agency, self-care demand, self-care deficit, nursing agency and nursing system. Self-care is a requirement of every person, man, woman and child. Self-care is viewed as function and the capability of an individual which means that the things an individual can do and able to do. When self-care is not maintained, illness, disease or death will occur. Self-care requisites result in the regulation of structural and functional integrity and human development. There are three categories of self-care requisites; universal, developmental and health deviation self-care requisites. According to Orem, there are various basic conditioning factors (age, gender, developmental state, health state and health care system, sociocultural orientation, and family system, patterns of living, environment and available resources) that can influence the categories of self-care requisites. The essence of Orems model is entirely the nurse-patient relationship. Metaparadigm of both the Models The Person: Roy described the person in terms of system and adaptation, a biopsychosocial being in constant interaction with a changing environment. She defines person as a recipient of nursing care, as a living complex, adaptive system with internal processes (the cognator and regulator) acting to maintain adaptation in the four adaptive modes: physiological (biologic), self-concept (psychological), role function and interdependence (social). The cognator controls processes related to perception, learning, judgment, and emotion i.e. psychological adjustments. The regulator functions primarily through the use of the autonomic nervous system in making physiologic adjustments. On the other hand, Orem expressed that the individual person is the primary focus in the model. People are basically rational beings who assess situations, reflect and understand them. Based on this person as agent or having agency that chooses to perform specific actions and goal directed. Moreover, in comparison to Roys model, she also indicated that empowering person helps to cope with the causes and effects which ultimately progress to the positive adaptation of an individual. Nursing: Roys goal of nursing is to help individual adapt to changes in his psychological needs, self-concept, role function and interdependent relations during health and illness. Nursing fills a unique role as a facilitator of adaptation by assessing behavior in each of these four adaptive modes and intervening by managing the influencing stimuli (George, 1995). Similarly, Orem defines nursing as a human service and facilitates that nursing special concern is a persons physiological needs for the provision and management of self-care action on a continuous basis in order to sustain life and health. However, the goal of nursing in both the theories is to overcome the patients limitation whether it is psychological or physiological needs. Health: According to Roy and Andrews (1999) health is a state and process of being and becoming an integrated and whole person. Likewise Orem (1985) sees health as an ideal when living things are structurally and functionally whole. Health can be viewed as a human adaptive system within a changing environment. Lack of integration represents lack of health. Adaptation is a process of promoting this integration i.e. maintaining physiological, psychological and social integrity. Similarly, according to Horsburgh (1999), Orem views health state as the basic conditioning factor also comprises on physiological, psychological and social imbalances most likely to influence adult self-care abilities and behaviors. Environment: According to Roy (1999), environment is all the conditions, circumstances that influences surrounding and affect the development and behavior of persons or groups. Environment is the input into the person as an adaptive system involving both internal and external factors. Any environmental change demands increasing energy to adapt to the situation. Factors in the environment that affect the person are categorized as focal, contextual and residual stimuli. Focal stimulus mostly confronts the person that precipitates the behavior. Contextual stimuli are all other stimuli present that contribute to the behavior caused or precipitated by the focal stimuli. Residual stimuli are factors that may be affecting behavior but whose affects are not validated. Orem acknowledges self-care requisites to have their origins in human beings and the environmental factors, elements, conditions, etc. Environmental factors influences health care abilities of a person and are shaped within a persons sociocultural context. Furthermore, she proposed the similar concept of Roys theory that man and environment interact as self-care system. If the system of man and environment gets change, the adaptation of self-care system will be affected. Compare Contrast of both the Models with Literature Support Identification of the underlying assumptions is necessary to internal and external evaluation of the theory which deals with logic, consistency and congruence with the practical world (Barnum, 1998). The concept of person, health, nursing and environment are well defined however there are some similarities and differences among the two models. Firstly, Roys model focuses mainly on psychological aspects of a person. She discusses about the adaptation of a man and stresses on ways of adaptation and coping mechanisms whereas Orems model focuses greatly on physiological and sociological aspects of a person and lacks psychological aspects. She talks about individualism, autonomy, self-directed and self-reliance. Moustafa (1999) also noted that Orems theory is generally accorded to the physiological and sociological wellbeing of the person, undermining the importance of mental health. For e.g., a person who is a paranoid schizophrenic will not admit that he needs help regarding his self-ca re demands and without acceptance of the self-care deficit, it will be difficult to care for the person using Orems theory concepts. Secondly, according to Roy (1999) environment is internal and external stimuli and the person receives inputs from the external and internal environments. In her earlier writing (1981) that environment is different from internal stimuli and now she viewed internal stimuli is a part of environment. However, the question arises if internal stimuli are a part of environment than how it is different from the persons adaptation level? Moreover, Roys model of nursing management specify that the manipulation of the stimuli is different from the manipulation of people however the question still remains the same can internal stimuli be manipulated without manipulating the person? It seems that the relationships of adaptation to person, health and nursing are clear however the person-environment interaction is less clear. In contrast, Orem simply proposed that the change in person-environment system will ultimately change the entire self-care system. Both the models highlight similar factors b ut the objective of both the theorists differ as in case of Orem, it is self-care whereas Roy as adaptation. Nevertheless, both the models can be interrelated as for e.g., in order to perform self-care successfully, a person needs to adapt to the internal and external stimuli or the environment. The person needs to be stress free and comfortable both physically and psychologically. Both adaptation and self-care is a behavior of a person that are influenced by various factors such as culture, personality, socioeconomic status, education, age, gender and available resources etc. Thirdly, both of these models primarily focus on individualism. None of them takes the viewpoint of family, society, or a community as a whole. However, with certain modification, the models are seen empirically tested on various age groups such as among students community, elderly, various disease specific groups etc. Roy sees person as a living complex, adaptive system acting to maintain adaptation in four adaptive models (physiological needs, self-concept, role function and interdependence) whereas according to Orem, person as rational beings who has mastery over their destiny. In other words, the individual as a person is independent to choose and select whatever they want. It is normal for the person who wants to attain optimum levels of self-care. However, this is not true at all the time; a person looking for a secondary gain from the illness may not give importance to his/her wellness. Regarding health, both of them believe that health is a state and a process for becoming an integrated and whole person. However, these models lack the spiritual and existentialist aspects of a person. These models describe nurse as a facilitator. The aim of the nurse in Roys model is to help man adapt to changes brought about during the health illness continuum whereas according to Orems model, nurse facilitates the self-care abilities of a person which is more towards the physiological needs of a person. Lastly, Orems model is somehow culturally biased. In scientifically advance culture, people believe that sickness is because of natural reason. However, some cultures believe on traditional and folk premises. Therefore, these perceptions are still failing to recognize the variety of health related cultural belief and practices. Orems theory does not explain the traditional and folk health believes even she called a scientifically advanced culture (Orem, 1991). On the contrary, Roys model talks about the persons relationship with the world and God on philosophical premises. Persons use human creative abilities of awareness, enlightenment and faith. In my judgment I feel that as an external stimuli or factor, cultural and religious believes can hinder in adaptation process. Furthermore, both the theories are very complex and have broad concepts for the practical implication. Roys model is difficult to categorize the behaviors of the person in the four adaptive modes (George, 1995). In addition, there is an overlapping of concepts definitions. Similarly, Orems self-care model is used with numerous configurations; this multitude of terms such as self-care agency, self-care demand, self-care deficit, requisites can be very confusing to the reader. Abdul (2002) also noted that Orems work is easy to explain but difficult to differentiate among numerous terminologies and hypothesis. The holistic approach of these models helps prevent putting too much emphasis on aspects of illness and allows for the inclusion of health promotion. In addition, they are easy to apply as a family center model. Both have been found very useful in inpatient and outpatient settings as well as in work settings and in the community. However, it is difficult to apply Roys model in int ensive care units where situations change rapidly (George, 1995). Moreover, the clinical research generating from these theories have health promotion application also. Nursing, when define in terms of focus ( for knowledge and practice), is a specialized health service necessitated by an adults inability to maintain the amount and quality of self-care i.e. therapeutic in sustaining life and health , even in recovering from disease or injury, or in coping with their effects through adaptation. Application of models in clinical Practice Conclusion Roys ad Orems model have greatly influenced nursing profession. The integration of both the models is not only applicable in clinical practice but also in nursing education, administration and research. These models guide nurses to use observations and interviewing skills in doing an individualized assessment of each person. It is a useful guide in nursing assessment and formulating nursing diagnosis. Therefore, apparently both the models are valuable in nursing clinical practice. Alligood and Marriner-Tomey (2002) state that conceptual or theoretical models of nurse practice are significant to the field, providing the profession with a guide to patient care and with a general frame of reference that connects the structural environment to the patterns of behavior and relationships within the organization. Nurses have a unique role to promote health in majority of the setting by utilizing these theory in acute healthcare settings, community settings, rehabilitation nursing, palliative care, in learning disability nursing etc. The goal of both the theories is giving assistance adapted to specific human needs and limitations. I suggest that the concept development of different models and analysis will contribute to further identification of functional theories in nursing. Thus, we need to continue our efforts to develop diverse types of theories and consider the advancement of the nursing discipline.

Policing Functions Paper

Individual Policing Functions Paper The police departments have come a long way from the way they were many years ago. The police have changed for the better but there is still room for improvement. In policing today there are a lot more officers, detectives, and other law enforcement officials accounted for then there was in the past years. When we have all of these people in the criminal system, it has made the government to be able to provide better protection for the people in the communities. Policing in the past and in the present there are many different outlooks of how the policing functions..These functions stem from different levels of law enforcement which includes the local, state, and federal organizational levels. These are very important parts of the criminal justice system, because every individual within these levels must be sure to protect citizens, enforce law, and perform the duties that are required of them in order to keep the United States safe from criminals a nd terrorist attacks from other foreign countries that might try to attack the United States. As years have passed on within policing, there are many possible future changes that will have an effect in the field of policing.Within each level of policing there are many different roles in which every individual in the policing field must take part in if they are going to be on the law enforcement team. I say this because this is a very serious 24/7 operation and the duties are never ending for each of the levels. The local law enforcement agencies were put in place to do routine patrol within the communities that are within their jurisdiction. Local police officers are also able to assist with emergency services, upholding traffic enforcement, and conduct criminal investigations.These local police officers overall role is to ensure that all citizens are safe within their communities. To ensure residents in their community, officers will ensure that they are safe by communication. Back in time officers were not to friendly with the residents they came in contact with, but that has also changed because law enforcement need residential help. Officers that work within the state level also have different functions that they must fulfill while working under the state level. State police will sometimes work with the local police officers, if need be.The state officer’s main function within the criminal justice system is ensuring that the main state highways and any rural areas within the particular state are safe. State officers are also in charge of inspecting suspicious vehicles. Under the federal government there are different agencies that have different functions. There are three popular organizations that are within the federal government in which they are Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI), The United States Marshal Service, and the United States Border Patrol, in which all three organizations have different functions that must be completed correctly. The functions of the FBI are responsible for major criminal investigation such as major drug organization, and any other high profile crimes. The United States Marshal Service function is to apprehend suspects that may be on the run because of their high profile case. The Us Marshal must also transport criminals/prisoners from state to state if needed. In addition the United States Border Patrol function is to ensure that even individual that enters or exist the United States have the proper documents in order to re-gain entrance into the United States.The Border Patrol also will have the right to check for any illegal good or drugs that individuals might try to smuggle into the United States. All there organizations work hand in hand in order to protect the citizens of the county and the county as a whole. All three level of the criminal justice system have many different functions within each level organizations, but they all serve for the same purpose in which is to protect citiz ens from illegal acts, and to ensure that the United States is free from different attacks.The levels of the criminal justice system have faced many changes in the past and still more changes to come for the near future. Since the attacks on the United States occurred on September 11, 2001 it damaged the United States in the worse way. There were changes that occurred after this attack, in which affect every level in the criminal justice system. At first the levels of the criminal system were out looking for individuals that commit misdemeanors and felonies, now the main function and role of the local, state, and federal levels is to ensure that the United States is protected from terrorism.In the near future there will be more effective technology, such as upgraded computer system, radar system, and different technology features that can help pinpoint and suspect. Lastly, all three levels in the near future may become one whole. I say this because in the near future every helping h and and every set of eyes is what the government is going to need. Reasons behind this are; as the world continues to change the crimes in the near future may be worse in what it has been in the past, and how it is at this current moment.These changes may have affected each level of law enforcement but the positive outcome of the change for all levels is that all local, state, and federal agencies now have the ability to share and use information with each other. This is a great choice because all levels will always be on the same page, and will all be alerted if something arises in the United States. All missions, functions, and roles within all levels still remain the same. The local, state, and federal level must learn how to maintain the crime level at the same time while protecting the country from for highly dangerous terrorist attacks.Thus the criminal justice system and the levels local, state, and federal level are always going to face different situations and will always e ncounter changes within the system. At all time the local, state, and federal level must still maintain all functions that are required from them. As stated in this paper it has examined the various perspectives of the policing function from the local, state, and federal organizational level. In this paper it has addressed the possible future changes in laws and the overall impact that these levels must face in the field of policing.

Plastic Lumber & Wood-Plastic Composite Market

The collection of ‘Construction Material' market research reports has a new addition of â€Å"Wood-plastic Composite & Plastic Lumber to 2018† on Aromatherapies. Com. US demand to Jump more than% annually US demand for wood-plastic composite and plastic lumber Is expected to Increase four billion pounds of plastic. A rebound In new housing completions from the low 2013 level and gains In residential Improvement and repair expenditures will generate Increases In demand. Demand gains will also be boosted by Increased market penetration In decking applications, the predominant use for composite and plastic lumber.Decking to remain key application Decking applications will account for more than two-fifths of composite and plastic lumber demand by 2018. Homeowners will increasingly choose decks made from alternative lumber because it has greater resistance to degradation by moisture, changes in humidity, insect attack, and time, and because it requires minimal maintenance ove r its long service life. Ongoing changes to manufacturing technologies that will improve the color-fade resistance and the resemblance to natural wood, particularly expensive hardwoods such as pipe and redwood, will further boost composite and plastic decking demand.Further gains will result from efforts by manufacturers to increase the scope of decking accessories offered. Among other applications, molding and trim applications are also expected to advance at a strong pace through 2018. Wood-plastic composite and plastic lumber use in molding and trim will benefit from renewed housing activity and performance characteristics † such as resistance to moisture and ease of shaping † that are superior to those of lumber and engineered wood. Request Sample copy of this report @ http://www. Aromatherapies. Mom/contacts/ request-sample? Rename=184223 . Wood-plastic composite lumber to outpace plastic Increases In overall construction actually will support demand gains for both types of alternative lumber through 2018, but wood-plastic composite demand will rise at a quicker pace than demand for plastic lumber, albeit from a smaller base. As nearly two-thirds of composite and plastic lumber demand Is generated by the residential market, expansion in that market will boost composite lumber demand. In large, increasingly preferred to plastic lumber.Several factors will support its rapid growth. For instance, composite lumber includes celluloses fibers and is better able to assemble the look and texture of traditional wood, an appealing trait to consumers looking for attractive but low maintenance decks. Furthermore, because composite lumber frequently is manufactured using recycled materials † including consumable plastic such as grocery bags and stretch film, and wood scraps from mills and other lumber operations † it is often marketed as an environmentally friendly building material.Company Profiles Profiles for US industry competitors such as Axial, CAP International, Fiber, Headwaters & Tree Read more on â€Å"Wood-plastic Composite & Plastic Lumber to 2018†³report below. Additional Information This study examines the US market for two types of materials serving as alternatives to wood in construction: composites of cellulose fiber and plastic † referred to in the study as â€Å"wood-plastic composite lumber† or â€Å"composites† † and plastic resins † referred to as â€Å"plastic lumber. Both materials are manufactured using techniques † primarily extrusion but also injection molding † common to the plastics industry. Applications for these materials covered in this study include decking, molding and trim, fencing, landscaping and outdoor products, windows, doors, and assorted applications such as spa cabinets, marine decks, and railroad ties.This study does not address applications for plastic lumber in which plastics (primarily vinyl) are not in competition with wood or in which they have already attained substantial market share. Applications falling under these categories include plastic siding, extruded plastic windows and doors, plastic playground equipment not competing with traditional lumber, vinyl patio furniture, and vinyl flooring. Cellulose-resin products, such as plywood, starboard, and oriented strand board, are also excluded from demand considerations for composite lumber.

buy custom The Role of Chemical Engineering essay

buy custom The Role of Chemical Engineering essay Green engineering is a phrase used to explain the role of engineering to reduce or eliminate daily carbon emissions. Green engineering is a process through which products and services are designed in order to lower their impact on the environment. This process eliminates the health hazards posed to man and the environment through pollution. The processes used in green engineering should be economically feasible and cost effective when applied to the existing processes of product design. Environmental remediation is a phrase meaning the restoration of a deeply contaminated location or place to a condition that it will not be a threat to life forms or human health. In conventional clean ups, the contaminated site is usually fenced off to prohibit human and animal entry but green engineering designs methods that will clean the air, soil and water in such a site. This paper highlights the role of chemical engineering processes and methods in environmental remediation. Each year, industries across the world generate multi-billion tons of waste. This is a potential risk to all the life on the planet and consequently environmental degradation. In addition to that, recycling and managing that waste is costing enterprises millions of shillings although regulatory measures are in place. From the start of industrialization, laws regarding environmental protection are on the increase, but some have done little to protect the environment against degradation (NRC Board, 2000). Green engineers have resorted to designing systems that will remediate the environment from choking in waste. They have used green chemistry methods like selecting chemicals that are not toxic, have low potential hazards, which are eliminated through the reduction of chemical exposures. Environmental designs try to reduce risk to the natural ecosystems, workers in industries and consumers of the goods. Before designing any process that remediates the environment, green engineers, have to access the risks of a production process to the environment and human life. A risk can be expressed as the role of exposures and hazards. A hazard is defined as anything that produces a detrimental effect on the human environment while exposure is defined as the qualitative assessment of a chemical when it is exposed to the human or animal body, for instance the skin and the respiratory system. It is vital to note that, conventional methods of preventing pollution focus on the reduction of waste while modern methods of green engineering evaluate the risk posed by the chemicals used in production. Using the approach of risk assessment, engineers have been able to design processes that will be economically beneficial and feasible while reducing the risk to the environment. The application of risk concepts has made green engineers to design green processes and products. They have optimized designs with the purpose of reducing environmental impacts. Chemicals that need to eliminated or minimized have been highlighted and industries are educated on their adverse effects. Green engineers have estimated the risk that the current processes pose to the human environment and people, in addition to accessing the recycle channels and feeding processes. Chemical Precipitation Industries and sewage systems emit a lot of water contaminated with heavy metals. In the conventional systems, the water is kept in treatment plants where heavy metals are not removed. Heavy metals like lead, mercury, cobalt may not be removed from effluents through the filtering or precipitation processes. Green engineering is evaluating chemical products and synthesizers used in water treatment. These chemicals may prove to be useful in remediation of wastewater. The methods have to ensure that the precipitates will not deteriorate and discharge heavy metals to the surroundings. The fist method involves the treatment of wastewater using alum and a polymer. These chemicals enable the precipitation of heavy metals in wastewater. In addition to that, they reduce the PH f treated wastewater from about 8.5 and lower it to seven. A Californian Company, ETUS, Inc., manufactures Thio-Red, a commercial product that has been successful in removing heavy metals from sewage and industrial water. This product reacts with heavy metals to form metal sulfides instead of metal thiocarbonates. The other products include TMT-55 and TMT-15, which are very efficient in precipitating copper, lead, and silver from effluents (Henke 7-55). William Oswald, an environmental scientist at Berkeley University, developed the process of treating water using algae photosynthesis in ponds that are openly incorporated. This system is used to treat sewage in almost all countries in the world (Earth Sciences Division, n.d). This system involves the design of systems that will use microbial genomics in relation with biofuels and recovery of hydrocarbons emitted during the production process. In the MEHR Method, microorganisms, oxygen, nutrients are put in a reservoir with used or contaminated oil with the purpose of enhancing oil recovery. The main objectives of these processes are to transform the hydrocarbon components found in oil. This will make oil to be more fluid and in viscid. This method can be used to clean environments, which have been contaminated with waste products produced by fossil fuels. Algae can be used to generate biofuels for industrial use. Although it is a ubiquitous organism, algae have been used in the pharmaceutical world and it can be applied in the production of clean energy. Algae that absorb carbon are a great potential and an alternative to the use of fossil fuels. One setback with the use of algae to produce biofuel, is the need of large systems (Earth Sciences Division, n.d). Sugar undergoes a series of chemical processes to produce ethanol. This process is referred to as fermentation. Ethanol and carbon dioxide are produced after microorganisms have fermented the sugar. Intellishare Environmental Company provides a soil remediation oxidizer, vacuum extractor and control systems. These packages can help in restoring the natural components and structure of soil in a contaminated area. In addition to that, the combination of the systems of this soil remediation method can slip through the cracks and help in treating the lower soil layers. Intellishare Environmental Companys soil remediation oxidizer, vacuum extractor and control system. Green Engineers recommend the use of Poly vinyl formamide is a less toxic chemical used in paper industries, water treatment plants, oil recovery, and industries used to design items for personal care. This chemical is not a neurotoxin even when ingested. Polyacrylamide, a chemical used in the same process is very toxic and can cause paralysis of the Central Nervous System when ingested. The waste produced is very expensive to clean up. In addition to that, CNS paralysis can lead to loss of lives, livelihoods, and increased dependency (Van Noordern, 2011). Green System Design Piping used in industries should slope downwards to reduce the amount of solvents used. Short and big pipes reduce the flow dram while using very low energy. Industries should not have dead-end sample points in order to reduce waste. Other green engineering changes that can be made to the industry include the use of efficient raw materials that are somehow refined. For instance, water used in refinery industries can be treated before being used to reduce sludge waste. Selectivity in rectors should also be increased to reduce the time taken to mix, catalyze. This can be enhanced by using highly efficient reactors, which take little residence time. Industries should use efficient separation processes. Conventionally, separate reaction and separation processes demanded the use of large amounts of solventss while consuming a lot of energy or pressure. Green technology has developed novel methods that allow products to separate by themselves due to their physical and chemical properties. The other method is through combined reaction and separation processes occupy little space, consume less energy, and are more efficient because it allows almost 99% conversion. Distillation and LLE processes can also be combined to increase efficiency and reduce waste. PET bottles can be recycled using simple processes. The colors of the bottles are sorted using spectroscopy since PET bottles have a characteristic green dye incorporated into their surface. The bottles are shredded and washed to remove labels. In the same water, HDPE and PET are separated through their different densities. The aluminum ring is removed using an electrostatic ring and the bottles can be reused. Efficiency Maximization Systems Processes, products should be designed to maximally utilize energy, mass, time and space in an efficient manner. Heat integration systems should be coupled to increase efficiency while reducing waste. For instance, in a cooling plant and heating plant, the systems can be interconnected in a way that steam from hot water is released to heat cold water. This reduces the loss of energy to the surroundings. According to La Chateliers principle, if stress is applied to a system, the system reacts by offsetting itself to relive the applied pressure. In industrial terms, stress can be defined as any factor that upsets the concentration gradient, for instance, temperature and pressure. Increase of an input into a production system will lead to an increase in the generation of an output. This design aims to minimize the quantities of resources used while getting a good amount of output. In this context, manufacturing systems can be based on timely manufacturing. Timely manufacturing refers to the production of goods to meet the consumers quantity, quality and in their time of demand. This method implies that the resources, equipment, and labor are available when there is a demand created by the consumers. This is a form of a planned manufacturing system that does manages waste, overproduction, reduces waiting time, inputs, and outputs. This enables that industries have minimized excess while meeting the needs of their consumers. Chlorination of water is simple and makes millions of water safe within a short time. This method spends little energy over water treatment plants that use unnecessary resources like heat, power, and labor. Green engineering advocates for methods like express metal deposition over metal casting because the waste produced by the earlier method is little. Reduction of Complexity The use of natural systems should not be avoided in the manufacturing process. The higher the complexity involved in making a product, the lower the chances of recycling the material. Products should be made in a way that they are durable rather than those ones that have a very long shelf life. If production processes target immortality, there is a high risk of the products to the environment and many potential hazards to the human life. For instance, eco-fill a food grade input is constituted from water and starch. It can be used in industrial production, very durable and exerts little burden to the environment because it is mortal. The other method that eliminates environmental hazards is the use of polylactic acid to manufacture fibers and plastics over polyacrylic acid, which is non-biodegradable (Center for Green Energy and Green Engineering, 2011). In conclusion, green engineering has taken a step in redesigning the production processes to eliminate waste and environmental pollution. This form of engineering aims at renewable products and services that pose a minimal or no risk to the environment and other life forms. Products that are designed with components that can be reused reduce waste in the environment. All companies should embrace these methods to reduce the hazards and risks posed to the environment because prevention of dumping is less expensive than cleaning up. Buy custom The Role of Chemical Engineering essay

Same Sex marriage essays

Same Sex marriage essays Why Same Sex Marriages Should not be Legal.... In this paper I will prove why same sex marriages should not be legal. Same sex marriage is wrong because it is completely unnatural, it undermines the sanctity of marriage, and it can have a negative effect on a child that has been adopted by a gay couple. For years and years, humans have lived the same and by most of the same traditions. There is always room for change, but why something this drastic. Legalizing same sex marriages would not only ruin our traditions but it would destroy the whole outlook on marriage itself. Throughout this paper I will give examples supporting my statement and attempt to persuade you to my point of view on this subject. For most people, heterosexual relationships are what we are used to both in society and in nature. Homosexual relationships are therefore abnormal and unnatural. Legalizing same sex marriages will force society to accept a behavior which most of the nation does not approve of. Even if you do not believe in God, and you think that mankind is here from total evolution, same sex couples are still unnatural from that standpoint. Humans and all animals are here to reproduce. As you know it is physically impossible for a same sex couple to reproduce. The idea of marriage is for a man and a woman to start a family. If nature wanted gays to be able to reproduce they would have been equipped with the proper organs to do so. Why should same sex marriage be legal if is not possible for them to have kids? If it is wrong and abnormal to be gay in the first place, then why should we allow these people to be married? Same sex marriage undermines the sanctity of marriage. The bible tells us that marriage is for a man and a woman to dedicate themselves to each other in Holy matrimony. Same sex marriage is a mockery of one of the sacraments of God. For thousands of years, only a man and woman have been married. If same sex marriage is allowed, it w...

Stigma and discrimination of living with HIV in middle-aged people Literature review

Stigma and discrimination of living with HIV in middle-aged people - Literature review Example Despite this fact, the advent and common use of the active antiretroviral drugs that have been used to alleviate the HIV conditions in humans has extended the lives of many people, who, today, find themselves attracted into the old age bracket amidst harbouring HIV status. Other than the number of older people becoming newly infected with the disease, the number of old people who were infected before continue to increase further swelling the number. In this study, old age bracket is considered to be at 50 years and beyond. Past research indicate that the total number of individuals who are living with HIV and aids in the United States was estimated to have increased from 59,649 to 112,447 between the years 200 and 2004. The cities considered to be the epicenters of the occurrence of the disease in the region such as New York have continued to register the highest number of people living with HIV over time. For instance, in New York, over 30% of the total number of people living with HIV is considered to be old, over 50 years and beyond (Barnett & Whiteside, 2006). 25% of those living with the disease in Los Angeles on the other hand fall above 50 years. Owing to these facts, the rate of discrimination and stigma among these people is expected to incre ase and even double over time. Such stigmatization characteristics are mainly common among peers, at workplaces and in homes and are likely to be determined by factors such as age differences, gender categories, race and ethnicity as well as other related social factors such as drugs and substance abuse, and mental health conditions. The number of old people suffering from HIV/AIDS infection has continued to increase in various places around the globe. Various studies have bee n carried out by an increasing number of people to address different aspects of the effects of HIV/AIDS infection in the society

What impact will these trends have on the overall quality of care in Essay

What impact will these trends have on the overall quality of care in the state of Pennsylvania, and what will our system have to do differently in the future - Essay Example For example, the total number of non- acute and speciality hospitals in 2003 were 85. These numbers progressed over the years and in 2012, the total number of non- acute and speciality hospitals in the state was 92. This meant that there was an 8% growth over the years. When compared to the total number of general acute licensed hospitals the numbers in 2003 were at 181. However, over the years the numbers decreased to 158 in 2012. This translated to a 13% decline in the numbers of general acute licensed hospitals in the state. Based on these figures, it meant that more hospitals were gearing to offer speciality care to patients as compared to general care. Hence, efficiency in general care was compromised as the fewer licensed hospitals that had remained were the ones handling all patients who had minor health challenges. Decreasing number of physicians: The state has experienced a decreasing number of physicians over the years in a number of specialities. According to HAP (2014), it was established that the numbers of physicians in areas such as: emergency medicine; paediatrics; family practice; general surgery; orthopaedic surgery; internal medicine; radiology; cardiology; obstetrics and gynaecology had decreased in the state. In addition to that, it was also mentioned that by 2015, the existing shortage of qualified physicians would quadruple to approximately 39,600 physicians. Moreover, it was also stated that the shortage of RN specialists would reach approximately 22,600 by 2017. The impacts of these trends are that the overall quality of care and efficiency of disbursed care to patients in the state has already been affected. If no action is undertaken soon, these trends could cripple the health care state in Pennsylvania in the coming years. Degradation of the existing health care systems: The existing health care systems in the state of Pennsylvania are not reliable. That is, the hospitals as well as the