The Progressive Eras influence on the New Deal Essay Example For Students

The Progressive Era?s influence on the New Deal Essay The accomplishments taken place upon the onset of the many New Deal legislations owe much to the seeds implanted and unknowingly disseminated by the pre-WWI Progressive movement. Sparked by the new image as a world power, industrialization, and immigration at the dawn of the new century, a new found reform movement gripped the nation. With the new found image of the nation and world as a whole, the reforms advanced the position of the previously ignored people of the nation, as did its reincarnation and rebirth apparent in the New Deal. Although the first signs of this pristine Progressive movement shone since the mid-1800s, no one had cleared the way for its momentous effect upon the nation in the same degree as Theodore Roosevelt. Although at times hot-tempered and brash, his charismatic attitude pushed forward many of the original progressive legislations. We will write a custom essay on The Progressive Era?s influence on the New Deal specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now For example, his Sherman Anti-Trust Act proposed the life of a trust should be based on its history and actions, since he believed good trusts existed along with bad ones. Next, the Elkins Act proposed railroads and shippers to offer rebates illegal. They also had to have fixed rates, and couldnt change without notice. Also, the Hepburn Act gave ICC the power to set maximum railroad rates. Next, of course because of the impetus for reform provided by the many socialist writers, such as Upton Sinclair, was the landmark Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act, protecting the health and safety of consumable products and establishing the Food and Drug Administration. He also wished to preserve the untainted countryside, and established the National Forest Service and also strengthened the Forest Bureau. He also passed the Newlands Act which helped to create subsidies for irrigation in 16 western states. The actions taken by Theodore Roosevelt proved to throw the Progressive movement into the mainstream of the nation, showing its true, ingenuous face. When Theodore Roosevelts successor, William Howard Taft, failed to continue Roosevelts ongoing charismatic progressivism, both were bested by the newcomer, Woodrow Wilson. Although not receiving a majority in the vote, he, nonetheless, knew the country still ached for the progressivism it jubilantly basked in for so many years, which he called his ;New Freedom.; Immediately, Wilson went to work on what the countrys sworn enemy, thus his enemy, the triple wall of privilege, consisting of the tariffs, the banks, and the trusts. A true idealist, his crusades against these evils were truly heartfelt and in his mind, the best action to take for the nation. Beginning with the Underwood Tariff of 1913, it was the first lowering of taxes since the Civil War and stood against the protectionist lobbying. Next, he introduced the Federal Trade Act, which set up the Federal Trade Commission to investigate and halt unfair and illegal business practices. Also, the Clayton Anti-Trust Act deemed certain businesses illegal (trusts and horizontal mergers), declared unions legal, and also strikes, boycotts, picketing and the collection of strike benefit funds were ruled legal. The, a landmark legislation, the Federal Reserve Act in 12 districts would print and coin money as well as set interest rates. In this way the Fed, as it was called, could control the money supply and effect the value of currency. The more money in circulation, the lower the value and inflation went up. In effect, the less money in circulation, the greater the value and this would lower inflation. Theodores true successor, Wilson finished Roosevelts job on the trusts and branched out towards the other deleterious aspects of the nation as well. He gave the surging mainstream progressive movement an innocent morality he naturally possessed. While many of the Progressive accomplishments are attributed to these two leaders of the movement, many major events stand alone as Progressive milestones. The long-awaited 19th amendment was finally passed, granting women their right to vote. The role of women in our society was gradually coming into the social world. .ude429f0e65d50146d393bf90fda5cf7a , .ude429f0e65d50146d393bf90fda5cf7a .postImageUrl , .ude429f0e65d50146d393bf90fda5cf7a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ude429f0e65d50146d393bf90fda5cf7a , .ude429f0e65d50146d393bf90fda5cf7a:hover , .ude429f0e65d50146d393bf90fda5cf7a:visited , .ude429f0e65d50146d393bf90fda5cf7a:active { border:0!important; } .ude429f0e65d50146d393bf90fda5cf7a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ude429f0e65d50146d393bf90fda5cf7a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ude429f0e65d50146d393bf90fda5cf7a:active , .ude429f0e65d50146d393bf90fda5cf7a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ude429f0e65d50146d393bf90fda5cf7a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ude429f0e65d50146d393bf90fda5cf7a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ude429f0e65d50146d393bf90fda5cf7a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ude429f0e65d50146d393bf90fda5cf7a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ude429f0e65d50146d393bf90fda5cf7a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ude429f0e65d50146d393bf90fda5cf7a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ude429f0e65d50146d393bf90fda5cf7a .ude429f0e65d50146d393bf90fda5cf7a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ude429f0e65d50146d393bf90fda5cf7a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Social Darwinism Essay Starters In effect, years later during the Depression, the changing roles of women into heads of families and laborers blew away the stereotypical woman. More independent than ever, independent women pushed to obtain challenging jobs and experiences never fathomed before. Also, as women .

Proven Ways to Lose Weight in College

Proven Ways to Lose Weight in College According to statistics, about 70% of college students gain weight during study years. With the escalating, the issue of obesity, the health of modern youth is threatened by fast food and harmful chemicals in products people consume every day. There is a common expression which applies to eating habits of college students – freshmen 15. It means that an average student gains about 15 pounds during the first year of education. Though its not supported by any statistical data, this expression is widely used for describing the beginning of college life. After graduating from high school, many students have their first experience of cooking on their own. The availability of various unhealthy foods and lack of parental control play a significant role in gaining weight. So, its not surprising that many students start working on their diets with an intention to lose weight in college. Here are a few tips that will help you stay healthy and fit. Exercising Movement is the essence of life. So, stop lying in bed and look at some of the most effective exercises which wont take too much time to do but will positively affect your body, such as the 7-minute workout. Which kind of sport do you like the most – swimming, football, dancing or maybe horse riding? Choose the best option for your studying schedule and for your liking. Encourage your friends or roommates to join you to make this more fun. Also, dont forget to check out apps that are designed for you to get fit: Aaptiv Fitbit Coach Asana Rebel Fitbod Some of the most common types of activities for weight loss are listed below. Yoga Yoga is a widespread discipline which integrates physical and mental practices. It helps to burn calories and calm down at the end of the intensive day or to boost vitality in the morning. Even 20 minutes of yoga training will make you feel more energized. There are plenty of types of yoga practices – you can definitely find the most suitable one for you: Hatha yoga Iyengar yoga Restorative yoga Hot yoga, etc. Yoga can be performed in a group or individually in a studio or at home. You can also do yoga with an instructor or using educational videos and manuals. For example, you can find yoga lessons at Do Yoga With Me, Daily Yoga, etc. Working Out Sport is great for your health – it gives you a good sleep and keeps your energy high. If you want to lose some weight, search for the nearest college health center (they are usually free) and find the most suitable schedule that wont damage the studying process. The best option would be working out with your friend; this way youd feel less awkward and can always get a helping hand. Do I need any equipment? You can also try out video lessons for exercising at home. You wont need specific equipment as you can use heavy books or bottles with water as weights. You can find useful lessons on YouTube or at platforms like Make Your Body Work. Running Running is a great cardio exercise. Its free, and you can run wherever you want. Choose the most suitable time for this (usually, it is morning before classes), pick some active music that gives you positive vibes and go for a run. Many people say that running for 30 minutes alternating with walking is a good and energetic start of the day. And we think so too! Track the distance and burnt calories with fitness trackers. They can also show you if your heartbeat is dangerously high. Use apps like Strava or Runkeeper to keep up with your progress. Adjusting Your Meals When it comes to healthy eating, many people think about exhausting diets and constant hunger. However, this is not the case when you have your meals balanced and nutritious. Putting yourself in tough frames is not good for your health. Thats why you should never exhaust yourself with strict diets and starvation. Many students ask â€Å"How to lose weight in college without exercise?† You need to balance your schedule and take care of your eating habits. First, go and see a dietitian. Only an expert with vast experience and in-depth knowledge of the digesting processes can develop a meal plan for your body type. This way you can get a personalized scheme with an explanation of what and when you should eat in order to lose weight. But if you want to get some hints on how you can eat healthy food and lose weight while not starving all day long, take a look at our useful eating tips that we have prepared for you. Stop Eating Junk Food Fast food, chips, and sugary drinks are not healthy. They contain a lot of chemical ingredients and urge food craving. While snacks are meant to fight off hunger, most of them make you even more hungry. This is the first reason why you eat much larger portions of food than your body actually needs. You can cook healthy snacks that are perfect for your daily routine filled with brainstorms and stressing tests: Nuts (quarter cup per one meal) Sugarless fruit bars Raw veggies with hummus (baby carrot is a perfect match) Dry roasted edamame Kale chips Apples with peanut butter Dont let fast food control your life – find the inner strength to say â€Å"No† when someone invites you to have lunch at McDonalds. Avoid drinking alcohol, as it contains tons of calories. And try not to use dorm vending machines – they rarely carry healthy food. Especially be careful with eating foods directly from packages, bags, and cartons. Eat Smaller Portions The more you eat, the more you crave for food. This is a vicious circle that you need to break. Your body doesnt know when you need to stop eating, but you can slowly teach yourself to understand and distinguish the real hunger from boredom or sadness. Here are some quick tips on how you can eat less: Use smaller plates. The portion you get will look bigger if there is less free space on the plate around it. You can trick your mind that you eat just as much as earlier. If youre eating in a dining hall, ask for a smaller salad plate. Eat slowly. When you consume food in a hurry, you dont give your body enough time to understand when it is full. Eat slowly, and you will catch the moment when your body tells you thats enough for you. Dont eat everything you put on your plate. Finishing your meal no matter what is what most people do because they dont want to throw the food away. However, you need to get a habit of stop eating when youre full, not when your plate is empty. If you follow these simple maxims, you will soon see that smaller portions are enough for a productive day. Adjust Your Schedule Everyone knows that eating at night is bad for your body. While youre sleeping, your body is resting too and isnt spending energy to digest all the food you ate before going to bed. This makes you gain weight while youre sleeping. Creepy, huh? Important: Skip meals that you usually have late at night. Yes, snacks count too! We know that it might be challenging at first, so, of course, you need a good motivation. Think not only about the benefits for your body but also about the chance to avoid health problems. Obesity provokes diabetes, heart and brain problems and fragile bones. You need to keep yourself fit. Healthy eating is what will help you in your journey. Caution: Remember, that all of these tips are strictly general, please get advice from a professional dietitian. And remember, that people gain weight not only during the freshman year, so you need to be attentive to your meals all the time.

The question of the past how does it influence the future and the Essay

The question of the past how does it influence the future and the present , can we change it what is the meaning of history in o - Essay Example Past events and experiences designs and shapes our present feelings, personality traits and present manifested behavior, (Darnton 123). All the experiences that people have been through during childhood dramatically influence the present and future life. Ones past constantly affect his present and will keep influencing his present and future as long as one is not aware of the linkage between his past, present and future. In fact, some psychoanalysts and psychologists argue that one’s present life is a product of the past events, experiences and behavior. Early memories of childhood are the foundation from which most of the people begin to form their beliefs, norms and value about the universe. For instance, if a young child believed that his family is according extra attention and care to his younger brother then he may grow with the misconception that his parents adore his younger brother than him. This past event influence the life of this child later on, because the child w ill grow with the belief that someone else is better preferred over him. When that boy matures and marries, he might begin thinking that the wife is infidel whenever she associates or smiles to another man. In this case, the initial believe that developed during childhood influenced the man’s perception of life. ... In terms of the experiences, people made decisions concerning such experiences that they consequently carry forward with them. In fact, people project such experiences into their tomorrow and expect such dreams, decisions, thoughts and beliefs to continue being real, (Darnton 128). For instance thoughts such as â€Å"I am good for nothing, they don’t love me, I am ugly† when people project these thoughts out into their future - with expectations of them being true in the present and future – people perpetuate themselves being the same people they believe to be tomorrow. In other words, they recreate the similar experiences over time, proving to themselves that they are indeed, that person of the past. Times is must spend and slowly and steadily running. This is the steadiest progress that one can speak about -time. Thus, each moment of an individuals’ life is exactly a yesterday’s time. When we were born, we began this journey of life at zero, and n ow several decades of our lifetime are spend. Thus, people definitely have a history, a past, indeed. Reflecting back at the past, we discover some happy moments and other unhappy moments. The past only makes a different through one’s perception of the current and future world around him. The past defines one’s ways of perceiving the current and the tomorrow’s world. It shapes our expectations, behavior, and values of the world and events taking place now and in the future. Therefore, it is evident that one’s past life increasingly affects his thoughts, views and choices that he makes in the current life and for next life to come. Can we change the past? As earlier

Frito Lay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Frito Lay - Essay Example Some of the features of the sales job that made it appropriate for a results based approach to job performance are that the number of sales that the employees make determines the amount of profits that the company will make. Secondly is that the payment mode of the job is on a commission basis depending on the number of sales that an individual makes. 2. One of the advantages that accrue to Frito Lay in defining the performance of its route sales employees in terms of its behaviour is that it is able to concentrate on areas that will increase the sales depending on the route. However, a major disadvantage of this method in defining behaviour is that it makes it difficult to shift employees from one route to another due to the different behaviours that are required to make sale. In order to address these issues, a commission pay system should be modified to include a system of payment that is dependent on the timeliness of arrival for the high-volume route employees and the ability of low-volume route employees to negotiate for the ideal shelf space. 3. Frito Lay emphasized on behaviour of the route employees in its research to increase its sales, however there are other dimensions that are equally important, such as the different abilities and educational levels of the employees, as they will determine how effectively they will be able to handle their duties. Overlooking these aspects of performance is bound to make the route employees unable to meet their targets, which lead to low pay, and the company will record low profits. Indonesia- Asia stumbling giant 1. The poor economic performance that has been experienced in Indonesia has been because of political and economic factors. Some of the political factors that contributed to the poor economic performance include the rule of Dictator Suharto that left the country with huge debts to pay, in addition, the levels of corruption and lack of political goodwill has led to the stagnation of the economy. The economi c factors that have contributed to the poor economic performance include the reduction in foreign direct investments, the bureaucratic process that takes up to 151 days in order for a person to get a license to operate a business have also contributed to the low economic performance of Indonesia (Lewis, 91). These two factors are related since the political class, who have embezzled public funds and failed to formulate policies to spur economic growth has created the poor economic environment in the country. 2. Some of the reasons that might have led to foreign firms leaving Indonesia in the early 2000’s include the corruption levels in the country and bureaucratic processes; this meant a decline in GDP since there was no revenue generated by the firms any more. In order to reverse this trend, the levels of corruption and bureaucratic processes should be addressed. 3. Corruption in Indonesia is a challenge since the political class lack the goodwill to eradicate it, as they a re also involved, this has made foreign investors shy away from investing in the country. 4. A major risk that foreign firms in Indonesia face is jailing of their employees or their operation licenses not being renewed due to failure to give bribes to the authorities. To reduce these risks, these firms should lobby the government to create a favourable business environment for foreign firms. Japan’s economic malaise 1. The Japanese economy has stagnated because after the economic depression that the country faced, the country has been unable to spur economic growth again despite the government efforts. 2. The downward trend in the Japanese economy

Himalayan Tourism in Nepal Essay Example for Free

Himalayan Tourism in Nepal Essay

Contrast Of Roy And Orems Nursing Theory Nursing Essay

Contrast Of Roy And Orems Nursing Theory Nursing Essay Nursing is an evolving discipline in the development of science i.e. theory and research and in professional practice. We have a rich history of thought from Florence Nightingale to the recent nurse researchers, theorists and clinicians. Moreover, nursing professional practice includes integration of knowledge from the broad conceptualizations of models to the level of practice theory. The nursing theoretical frameworks serve in powerful ways as guides for articulating, reporting, recording nursing thought and action. Nurses must know what they are doing, why they are doing, what may be the range of outcomes of nursing, and indicators for measuring nursing impact (Parker, 2001). The aim of this paper is to study, compare and contrast two nursing models given by two nursing theorists who have made major contributions in the field of nursing practice. These models are; Roy adaptation model and Orems Self-care model. Introduction to the theorists, Sister Callista Roy and Dorothea E. Orem Sister Callista Roy received a bachelors degree in nursing in 1963 from Mount Saint Marys College as masters degree in pediatric nursing in 1966, a masters degree in sociology in 1975 and a doctorate degree in sociology in 1977, all from the University of California, Los Angeles. Roy first proposed her model while studying for her masters degree, where she was challenged by Dorothy Johnson to develop conceptual models of nursing. Therefore, the development of the adaptation model for nursing has been influenced by Roys personal and professional background. She had her experience as a pediatric staff nurse where she mainly noticed the children and their ability to adapt in response to major physical and psychological changes. Dorothea E. Orem was born in Baltimore, Maryland. She received her diploma in nursing from Providence Hospital School of Nursing in Washington, DC, baccalaureate in nursing from Catholic University in 1939 and masters degree in 1945 from the same university. She decided to develop her theory after she and her colleagues were given an assignment to produce a nursing curricula for practical nursing for the department of Health, Education and Welfare in Washington, DC. Between 1971 and the 1995 editions, there have been some changes in Orems theory, notably in the concept of an individual and the idea of the nursing system. Orem delineates three theories; self-care, self-care deficit, and nursing system. Focus of Roys and Orems Model Roys model was initially developed for education; however, it continued to work in research and practice settings. Roys model focuses on the concept of adaptation of man. Her concepts of nursing, person, health and environment are all interrelated to this central concept. According to her model, the person receives inputs or stimuli from both the environment and the self. Adaptation occurs when the person responds positively to environmental changes. This adaptive response promotes the integrity of the person which leads to health. Ineffective responses to stimuli lead to disruption of the integrity of the person. Self-care model was given by Dorothea Elizabeth Orem in 1970. The focus of the model is self-care, self-care agency, self-care demand, self-care deficit, nursing agency and nursing system. Self-care is a requirement of every person, man, woman and child. Self-care is viewed as function and the capability of an individual which means that the things an individual can do and able to do. When self-care is not maintained, illness, disease or death will occur. Self-care requisites result in the regulation of structural and functional integrity and human development. There are three categories of self-care requisites; universal, developmental and health deviation self-care requisites. According to Orem, there are various basic conditioning factors (age, gender, developmental state, health state and health care system, sociocultural orientation, and family system, patterns of living, environment and available resources) that can influence the categories of self-care requisites. The essence of Orems model is entirely the nurse-patient relationship. Metaparadigm of both the Models The Person: Roy described the person in terms of system and adaptation, a biopsychosocial being in constant interaction with a changing environment. She defines person as a recipient of nursing care, as a living complex, adaptive system with internal processes (the cognator and regulator) acting to maintain adaptation in the four adaptive modes: physiological (biologic), self-concept (psychological), role function and interdependence (social). The cognator controls processes related to perception, learning, judgment, and emotion i.e. psychological adjustments. The regulator functions primarily through the use of the autonomic nervous system in making physiologic adjustments. On the other hand, Orem expressed that the individual person is the primary focus in the model. People are basically rational beings who assess situations, reflect and understand them. Based on this person as agent or having agency that chooses to perform specific actions and goal directed. Moreover, in comparison to Roys model, she also indicated that empowering person helps to cope with the causes and effects which ultimately progress to the positive adaptation of an individual. Nursing: Roys goal of nursing is to help individual adapt to changes in his psychological needs, self-concept, role function and interdependent relations during health and illness. Nursing fills a unique role as a facilitator of adaptation by assessing behavior in each of these four adaptive modes and intervening by managing the influencing stimuli (George, 1995). Similarly, Orem defines nursing as a human service and facilitates that nursing special concern is a persons physiological needs for the provision and management of self-care action on a continuous basis in order to sustain life and health. However, the goal of nursing in both the theories is to overcome the patients limitation whether it is psychological or physiological needs. Health: According to Roy and Andrews (1999) health is a state and process of being and becoming an integrated and whole person. Likewise Orem (1985) sees health as an ideal when living things are structurally and functionally whole. Health can be viewed as a human adaptive system within a changing environment. Lack of integration represents lack of health. Adaptation is a process of promoting this integration i.e. maintaining physiological, psychological and social integrity. Similarly, according to Horsburgh (1999), Orem views health state as the basic conditioning factor also comprises on physiological, psychological and social imbalances most likely to influence adult self-care abilities and behaviors. Environment: According to Roy (1999), environment is all the conditions, circumstances that influences surrounding and affect the development and behavior of persons or groups. Environment is the input into the person as an adaptive system involving both internal and external factors. Any environmental change demands increasing energy to adapt to the situation. Factors in the environment that affect the person are categorized as focal, contextual and residual stimuli. Focal stimulus mostly confronts the person that precipitates the behavior. Contextual stimuli are all other stimuli present that contribute to the behavior caused or precipitated by the focal stimuli. Residual stimuli are factors that may be affecting behavior but whose affects are not validated. Orem acknowledges self-care requisites to have their origins in human beings and the environmental factors, elements, conditions, etc. Environmental factors influences health care abilities of a person and are shaped within a persons sociocultural context. Furthermore, she proposed the similar concept of Roys theory that man and environment interact as self-care system. If the system of man and environment gets change, the adaptation of self-care system will be affected. Compare Contrast of both the Models with Literature Support Identification of the underlying assumptions is necessary to internal and external evaluation of the theory which deals with logic, consistency and congruence with the practical world (Barnum, 1998). The concept of person, health, nursing and environment are well defined however there are some similarities and differences among the two models. Firstly, Roys model focuses mainly on psychological aspects of a person. She discusses about the adaptation of a man and stresses on ways of adaptation and coping mechanisms whereas Orems model focuses greatly on physiological and sociological aspects of a person and lacks psychological aspects. She talks about individualism, autonomy, self-directed and self-reliance. Moustafa (1999) also noted that Orems theory is generally accorded to the physiological and sociological wellbeing of the person, undermining the importance of mental health. For e.g., a person who is a paranoid schizophrenic will not admit that he needs help regarding his self-ca re demands and without acceptance of the self-care deficit, it will be difficult to care for the person using Orems theory concepts. Secondly, according to Roy (1999) environment is internal and external stimuli and the person receives inputs from the external and internal environments. In her earlier writing (1981) that environment is different from internal stimuli and now she viewed internal stimuli is a part of environment. However, the question arises if internal stimuli are a part of environment than how it is different from the persons adaptation level? Moreover, Roys model of nursing management specify that the manipulation of the stimuli is different from the manipulation of people however the question still remains the same can internal stimuli be manipulated without manipulating the person? It seems that the relationships of adaptation to person, health and nursing are clear however the person-environment interaction is less clear. In contrast, Orem simply proposed that the change in person-environment system will ultimately change the entire self-care system. Both the models highlight similar factors b ut the objective of both the theorists differ as in case of Orem, it is self-care whereas Roy as adaptation. Nevertheless, both the models can be interrelated as for e.g., in order to perform self-care successfully, a person needs to adapt to the internal and external stimuli or the environment. The person needs to be stress free and comfortable both physically and psychologically. Both adaptation and self-care is a behavior of a person that are influenced by various factors such as culture, personality, socioeconomic status, education, age, gender and available resources etc. Thirdly, both of these models primarily focus on individualism. None of them takes the viewpoint of family, society, or a community as a whole. However, with certain modification, the models are seen empirically tested on various age groups such as among students community, elderly, various disease specific groups etc. Roy sees person as a living complex, adaptive system acting to maintain adaptation in four adaptive models (physiological needs, self-concept, role function and interdependence) whereas according to Orem, person as rational beings who has mastery over their destiny. In other words, the individual as a person is independent to choose and select whatever they want. It is normal for the person who wants to attain optimum levels of self-care. However, this is not true at all the time; a person looking for a secondary gain from the illness may not give importance to his/her wellness. Regarding health, both of them believe that health is a state and a process for becoming an integrated and whole person. However, these models lack the spiritual and existentialist aspects of a person. These models describe nurse as a facilitator. The aim of the nurse in Roys model is to help man adapt to changes brought about during the health illness continuum whereas according to Orems model, nurse facilitates the self-care abilities of a person which is more towards the physiological needs of a person. Lastly, Orems model is somehow culturally biased. In scientifically advance culture, people believe that sickness is because of natural reason. However, some cultures believe on traditional and folk premises. Therefore, these perceptions are still failing to recognize the variety of health related cultural belief and practices. Orems theory does not explain the traditional and folk health believes even she called a scientifically advanced culture (Orem, 1991). On the contrary, Roys model talks about the persons relationship with the world and God on philosophical premises. Persons use human creative abilities of awareness, enlightenment and faith. In my judgment I feel that as an external stimuli or factor, cultural and religious believes can hinder in adaptation process. Furthermore, both the theories are very complex and have broad concepts for the practical implication. Roys model is difficult to categorize the behaviors of the person in the four adaptive modes (George, 1995). In addition, there is an overlapping of concepts definitions. Similarly, Orems self-care model is used with numerous configurations; this multitude of terms such as self-care agency, self-care demand, self-care deficit, requisites can be very confusing to the reader. Abdul (2002) also noted that Orems work is easy to explain but difficult to differentiate among numerous terminologies and hypothesis. The holistic approach of these models helps prevent putting too much emphasis on aspects of illness and allows for the inclusion of health promotion. In addition, they are easy to apply as a family center model. Both have been found very useful in inpatient and outpatient settings as well as in work settings and in the community. However, it is difficult to apply Roys model in int ensive care units where situations change rapidly (George, 1995). Moreover, the clinical research generating from these theories have health promotion application also. Nursing, when define in terms of focus ( for knowledge and practice), is a specialized health service necessitated by an adults inability to maintain the amount and quality of self-care i.e. therapeutic in sustaining life and health , even in recovering from disease or injury, or in coping with their effects through adaptation. Application of models in clinical Practice Conclusion Roys ad Orems model have greatly influenced nursing profession. The integration of both the models is not only applicable in clinical practice but also in nursing education, administration and research. These models guide nurses to use observations and interviewing skills in doing an individualized assessment of each person. It is a useful guide in nursing assessment and formulating nursing diagnosis. Therefore, apparently both the models are valuable in nursing clinical practice. Alligood and Marriner-Tomey (2002) state that conceptual or theoretical models of nurse practice are significant to the field, providing the profession with a guide to patient care and with a general frame of reference that connects the structural environment to the patterns of behavior and relationships within the organization. Nurses have a unique role to promote health in majority of the setting by utilizing these theory in acute healthcare settings, community settings, rehabilitation nursing, palliative care, in learning disability nursing etc. The goal of both the theories is giving assistance adapted to specific human needs and limitations. I suggest that the concept development of different models and analysis will contribute to further identification of functional theories in nursing. Thus, we need to continue our efforts to develop diverse types of theories and consider the advancement of the nursing discipline.

Policing Functions Paper

Individual Policing Functions Paper The police departments have come a long way from the way they were many years ago. The police have changed for the better but there is still room for improvement. In policing today there are a lot more officers, detectives, and other law enforcement officials accounted for then there was in the past years. When we have all of these people in the criminal system, it has made the government to be able to provide better protection for the people in the communities. Policing in the past and in the present there are many different outlooks of how the policing functions..These functions stem from different levels of law enforcement which includes the local, state, and federal organizational levels. These are very important parts of the criminal justice system, because every individual within these levels must be sure to protect citizens, enforce law, and perform the duties that are required of them in order to keep the United States safe from criminals a nd terrorist attacks from other foreign countries that might try to attack the United States. As years have passed on within policing, there are many possible future changes that will have an effect in the field of policing.Within each level of policing there are many different roles in which every individual in the policing field must take part in if they are going to be on the law enforcement team. I say this because this is a very serious 24/7 operation and the duties are never ending for each of the levels. The local law enforcement agencies were put in place to do routine patrol within the communities that are within their jurisdiction. Local police officers are also able to assist with emergency services, upholding traffic enforcement, and conduct criminal investigations.These local police officers overall role is to ensure that all citizens are safe within their communities. To ensure residents in their community, officers will ensure that they are safe by communication. Back in time officers were not to friendly with the residents they came in contact with, but that has also changed because law enforcement need residential help. Officers that work within the state level also have different functions that they must fulfill while working under the state level. State police will sometimes work with the local police officers, if need be.The state officer’s main function within the criminal justice system is ensuring that the main state highways and any rural areas within the particular state are safe. State officers are also in charge of inspecting suspicious vehicles. Under the federal government there are different agencies that have different functions. There are three popular organizations that are within the federal government in which they are Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI), The United States Marshal Service, and the United States Border Patrol, in which all three organizations have different functions that must be completed correctly. The functions of the FBI are responsible for major criminal investigation such as major drug organization, and any other high profile crimes. The United States Marshal Service function is to apprehend suspects that may be on the run because of their high profile case. The Us Marshal must also transport criminals/prisoners from state to state if needed. In addition the United States Border Patrol function is to ensure that even individual that enters or exist the United States have the proper documents in order to re-gain entrance into the United States.The Border Patrol also will have the right to check for any illegal good or drugs that individuals might try to smuggle into the United States. All there organizations work hand in hand in order to protect the citizens of the county and the county as a whole. All three level of the criminal justice system have many different functions within each level organizations, but they all serve for the same purpose in which is to protect citiz ens from illegal acts, and to ensure that the United States is free from different attacks.The levels of the criminal justice system have faced many changes in the past and still more changes to come for the near future. Since the attacks on the United States occurred on September 11, 2001 it damaged the United States in the worse way. There were changes that occurred after this attack, in which affect every level in the criminal justice system. At first the levels of the criminal system were out looking for individuals that commit misdemeanors and felonies, now the main function and role of the local, state, and federal levels is to ensure that the United States is protected from terrorism.In the near future there will be more effective technology, such as upgraded computer system, radar system, and different technology features that can help pinpoint and suspect. Lastly, all three levels in the near future may become one whole. I say this because in the near future every helping h and and every set of eyes is what the government is going to need. Reasons behind this are; as the world continues to change the crimes in the near future may be worse in what it has been in the past, and how it is at this current moment.These changes may have affected each level of law enforcement but the positive outcome of the change for all levels is that all local, state, and federal agencies now have the ability to share and use information with each other. This is a great choice because all levels will always be on the same page, and will all be alerted if something arises in the United States. All missions, functions, and roles within all levels still remain the same. The local, state, and federal level must learn how to maintain the crime level at the same time while protecting the country from for highly dangerous terrorist attacks.Thus the criminal justice system and the levels local, state, and federal level are always going to face different situations and will always e ncounter changes within the system. At all time the local, state, and federal level must still maintain all functions that are required from them. As stated in this paper it has examined the various perspectives of the policing function from the local, state, and federal organizational level. In this paper it has addressed the possible future changes in laws and the overall impact that these levels must face in the field of policing.